And with this battle the American forces gained, and afterwards continued to gain, hard combat experience; so the Japanese lost that crucial advantage as well. But they expected it to come at the obvious and exposed outer fringe, and when we struck at the heart of the archipelago with a huge fleet that had approached undetected, we enjoyed complete tactical surprise. The battle would open in the mist-shrouded Aleutians with airstrikes against Dutch Harbor on June 3, followed by landings at three points on June 6. At Midway, dive bombers from the Enterprise crippled sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. About us| The Iwo Jima and Okinawa actions lasted from January to May 1945, and in August the Japanese surrendered. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution." Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. society in the 1950s? After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. But we went in and took their possessions in a few days, without the loss of a single ship. I finally wangled two months at sea, in 1918, before the war was over. US Naval Task Force under Frank Fletcher with aircraft carrier Yorktown. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. Akagi and Kaga subsequently went down. Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), in his stead. The main auditorium of the U.S. ThoughtCo. He never smoked, and drank little. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. [4] Spruance attended Indianapolis public schools and graduated from Shortridge High School. Raymond A. Spruance emerged from the battle one of the greatest admirals in American naval history". They were hurled back decisively, and the losses353 enemy planes downed, 21 U.S. aircraft lostamazed the Americans. Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. Then U.S. dive bombers from Spruance's Enterprise flew to Nagumo's fleet of four carriers which, fatefully, were without air cover. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. King said to him "Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. He withdrew his ships westward, still hoping to draw Spruance into a trap. For the main Midway assault, the Japanese force consisted of the main battle fleet under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, composed of three battleships, a light carrier and a destroyer screen; Admiral Chuichi Nagumos combined fleet of two battleships, two heavy cruisers, destroyers and four fleet carriers carrying more than 250 aircraft; and an invasion task force led by Admiral Nobutake Kondo, consisting of a dozen transport ships carrying 5,000 troops, closely supported by four heavy cruisers, two battleships and a light carrier; and a three-cordon submarine force intended to neutralize U.S. countermoves. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. The Japanese lost 19 ships sunk, seven probably sunk and more than 200 aircraft destroyed, and their installations were bombed and strafed. Spruance was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and in May 1943 he was promoted to vice admiral. When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. The USS Enterprise ambushes and sinks the Hiryu. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. He was modest and candid about himself. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. During World War II, he was commander in the . Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The Japanese had been overconfident, and the Americans taught them a bitter lesson. Then Nagumos force was spotted by torpedo bombers from Hornets squadron VT-8, led by Lt. Cmdr. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. Then Nagumo was dumbfounded to receive a search planes report of 10 enemy ships to the northeast, where no U.S. ships were supposed to be. After the enemys raids on Midway, Admiral Spruance ordered the launching of every possible plane to search for and attack the Japanese carriers. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. [32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. 2015. The small Marine Corps garrison scrambled its handful of Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat and Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters, but they were too weak and slow to deter the Japanese. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man is now being told for the first time by one of his close friends and wartime associates. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. Japanese fleet in charge of landing army units on Midway. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. His father wanted him to go to West Point, but young Raymond yearned to go to sea. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. Then he returned to the Naval War College as a staff member. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. Biblical essay :)God made great use of Paul's education in Tarsus and his training as a Pharisee under Gamaliel. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. With the battleship's completion, Spruance joined its crew and remained aboard until November 1917. (. >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. So he changed course northeastward, avoiding the first wave of dive bombers launched against him from Spruances carriers. Admiral Spruance could have been right. He was then 55. Four fleet carriers and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk; a cruiser, three destroyers, an oiler and a battleship were damaged. It was a cool, clear day. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Though this gamble paid off, Enterprise air squadrons would pay a heavy price, flying in piece-meal and mostly without fighter escort. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution. Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. That achievement brought praise from Churchill, who wrote to Navy Secretary James Forrestal, Admiral Spruance is again to be congratulated for another fine job. He lived quietly at Pebble Beach until December 13, 1969, when he died of arteriosclerosis at the age of 83. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the bleak Aleutian Islands, and then strike at unprotected Midway. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Naval Academy in 1906 and received further education in electrical engineering a few years later. It is regrettable that, owing to Spruances innate modesty and his refusal to create an image of himself in the public eye, he was never properly appreciated. After three days of pre-invasion bombardment, Marines landed on Roi Islet and captured it the same day. The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). While in that capacity he assumed additional duty as a member of the board on doctrine of aircraft in connection with fleet fire control. ThoughtCo, Jul. The Japanese were trying to tow Soryu to safety when she was torpedoed and sunk by the U.S. submarine Nautilus. Hickman, Kennedy. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. Admiral Spruance was buried with full honors alongside Admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay. His new duties involved planning rather than operations, and Spruance chafed for more action. Spruance's rise to fame . Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. United States bombers sank three Japanese ships. Fletcher would command Task Force 17, but the task force flag ship, USSYorktown, had been badly damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the formation's other carrier, Lexington, had been sunk, but at Nimitz's behest Yorktown was patched-repaired in "rush" time purposefully to join the Midway operation.[11]. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. Spruance's first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USSIowa, an 11,400 ton veteran of the SpanishAmerican War. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Japanese aircraft carrier attached to the Main Body of the fleet and saw close to no action. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. Spruance began World War II as a gunship admiral, commanding a division of . The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. The American offensive in the Pacific theater was now enjoying considerable momentum, aided in no small measure by Rear Adm. Marc Mitschers Task Force 58, the most powerful and destructive unit in the history of sea warfare. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". His next assignment was command of the destroyer Aaron Ward, and then USS Perceval. In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Thus the Americans knew the Japanese planned to move toward Midway. 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. Pratt, F. "Spruance: Picture of the Admiral," Harpers Magazine 193, no. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. The Japanese planned to outwit the U.S. forces at Midway. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. Navy Secretary Frank Knox said of Kwajalein: The Japanese had been there 20 years. But what was important about this actionthe first naval battle in history fought by fleets that never came within sight of each otherwas that the U.S. Navy had thwarted the enemys planned capture of Port Moresby in strategic New Guinea. Shortly before leaving the Naval War College and retiring from the Navy on July 1, 1948, Admiral Spruance received a letter of commendation from the secretary of the Navy that read: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. "Admiral Raymond Spruance". On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. Midway Island sent a false message stating that its water distillation plant had been damaged and that the base needed fresh water. The month before, American and Japanese naval units had fought the Battle of the Coral Sea, and both closely matched sides had suffered. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. Nagumo ordered his planes rearmed on their return. In June 1942 the United States and Japan fought for control of Midway Island in the South Pacific. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the second detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. He shifted his flag to the old battleship USSNew Mexico of the shore bombardment force after Indianapolis was struck by a Kamikaze off Okinawa. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in Aleutian islands campaign. His achievements were well-known, but the man himself was a mystery. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. During the attacks, the Japanese lost twelve warships, thirty-two merchant ships, and 249 aircraft. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. The repulse of the Japanese invasion fleet at Midway, and critically the destruction of the Kido Butai, allowed the U.S. to gain parity in the naval air war. Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. United States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 17 on the USS Yorktown. He was the grandfather of legendary theatre director Anne Bogart. Meanwhile, Task Force 58 was busy in the forefront of clearing the Japanese from the 600-mile-long Marianas chain. B. Jim Crow Laws Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. "Foreward for Midway." US Naval Institute Proceedings 81, no. He was a diligent, neat and gentle boy. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. In April 1942 he offered support to carriers that launched the Doolittle Raid, an air raid on Tokyo and other parts of Honshu island. Why was Chester W Nimitz important? With it he intended to significantly expand the Imperial Japanese Navy's outer defense perimeter across the central Pacific; and, he believed, this very powerful stroke against Midway would so severely threaten Hawaii and Pearl Harbor that the U.S. government would be induced to sue for peace. The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. Two minutes later, 37 dive bombers from Enterprise, led by Lt. Cmdr. Kwajalein was in American hands, but the rest of the Marshalls groupabout 30 islands and more than 800 reefs scattered over hundreds of miles of oceanremained to be dealt with. High School 58 was busy in the future brought to you by LLC. 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