The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? At a conference in London in 1924 to settle the Franco-German crisis caused by the Ruhrkampf, the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald successfully pressed the French Premier douard Herriot to make concessions to Germany. Curiously, Cholly's hatred is directed at Darlene. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. . The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. [26] Of French trade, 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin, rubber, jute, wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire. Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. It was composed of an intricate system of strong points, fortifications and military facilities such as border guard posts, communications centres, infantry shelters, barricades, artillery, machine-gun and anti-tank-gun emplacements, supply depots, infrastructure facilities and observation posts. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is "ruined." Her mother reinforces this connection as well. The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Morrison also manages to humanize Marie (the Maginot Line) without sugar-coating her. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. They understand that China and Poland are ruined as well but think that they are not fat because they drink whiskey. Then another neighbor, Miss Dunion, came in and suggested that they take Frieda to the doctor because she might be ruined, a fear that now makes Frieda weep. He cannot stand contact with people, but he hoards the little bits of junk from people's everyday lives. Dont have an account? Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Besides that, a few private houses are built atop some blockhouses.[34]. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. She finds Frieda upstairs crying. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. (A similar system was developed with armoured steam engines in 19141918.). Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. Frieda is more knowledgeable about the adult world and sometimes braver than Claudia. Teachers and parents! Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. The French side of this border is called the Maginot Line, where the French built a tremendous fortification across from the then Westwall/Hindenburg Line. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. But they still do not know what ruined means, and not understanding what makes the prostitute distasteful to their mother, they focus on what makes the prostitute distasteful to themher fatness. These mixed-race colonial subjects worship their own oppressors, struggling to emulate them. (one code per order). Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. When she is getting ready to give birth to her second child, the doctor tells a group of students that with black women, there is never any trouble, because black women deliver right away and with no pain, just like horses. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. 5. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Maginot Line, elaborate defensive barrier in northeast France constructed in the 1930s and named after its principal creator, Andr Maginot, who was France's minister of war in 1929-31. "They cashed in their chips. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. Telephone Network: This system connected every fortification in the Maginot Line, including bunkers, infantry and artillery fortresses, observation posts and shelters. He is a religious hypocrite. [23] The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knockout blow was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue dure. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. ", Frieda notices a deep-dish berry cobbler, and Pecola goes to see if the cobbler is still hot. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. Having suffered early humiliations, he takes out his frustration on the women in his life. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. The fear in the little white girl's eyes suggests she has been taught to fear black people. Even as an adult, Mrs. Breedlove is inferior to the little white girl, as shown when the little girl calls her by the nickname "Polly." She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. The first girl that Cholly likes. The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. The fire control stations would give orders to the hundreds of anti-tank and heavy artillery positions that could pop out of the ground and fire from armored turrets. By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. Her differing reactions to Pecola and the little white girl further this idea. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. She finds meaning not in her own family but in romantic movies and in her work caring for a well-to-do white family. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. Built between 1930 and 1940, it was one of the world's most impressive forts, yet it proved to be almost . But after a few days of following M'Dear's prescription, Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies. He feels a mix of tenderness and hatred as he rapes Pecola, the tenderness confused and misapplied. She becomes pregnant. The Maginot Line was invulnerable to aerial bombings and tank fire; it featured underground railways as a backup. Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking." The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. On 19 May, the German 16th Army captured the isolated petit ouvrage La Fert (south-east of Sedan) after conducting a deliberate assault by combat engineers backed up by heavy artillery, taking the fortifications in only four days. He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. on 50-99 accounts. Nevertheless, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications to be taken to POW camps. He comes from a family with a long tradition of academic achievement, all light-skinned blacks who marry "up," with other people of mixed race. 20 to 30 men manned them. More scarring and memorable than any prior source in the novel, Pecolas own mother reinforces the message the girls have been receiving about the superiority of whites. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. [13] From 1871 forward, French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own, and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich. It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. Look up his videos for some good strategy. He tortures the family cat and harasses children who come to the nearby playground. Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. What does the word "festers" mean? Struggling with distance learning? [32], After the war, the French re-manned the line and underwent some modifications. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. The MacTeer family does not have light eyes. At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. She is lonely and imaginative. Stewart, Amber ed. The main fortifications of the line were still mostly intact, many commanders were prepared to hold out, and the Italian advance had been contained. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. He goes from being the young lover to the naked black boy, forced to go on with sex while two bigger and stronger men watch. Theylive above the Breedlove apartment and befriendPecola. "Bluest Eye Spring Summary and Analysis". The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. There are hints that his mother was insane. The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. To put this geography into perspective, Germany is not much bigger than the state of Wisconsin. He is a kind man and excellent storyteller. Soaphead Church proceeds to write a letter to God, in which he blames God for making the world badly. Their poor treatment of the whore seems a comment on their youth more than malice, although it cannot go unnoted that in a novel about the pain of being an outcast, Frieda treats Marie very poorly. Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. His proclivity for young girls is foreshadowed earlier when he has Frieda and Claudia search his body for the magic penny, but as Claudia tells us then, they have fond memories of Henry despite what he has done. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). for a customized plan. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. Love in the Bluest Eye is often paired with violence. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola. Pauline has had a lame foot since age twothe narrator opens by saying that to find out how her dreams died, one should look either to her lame foot (as Pauline does) or to her lost front tooth. Miss Marie is insulted when Claudia tells her she is "ruined." ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. And like any trench, it belonged to the . One attack broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains, but the French defenders stopped a second attack near Wissembourg. The moment is painfully evoked: "There I was five months pregnant, trying to look like Jean Harlow, and a front tooth gone. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. The rejection by Samson Fuller is a turning point in Cholly's life: "Abandoned in a junk heap by his mother, rejected for a crap game by his father, there was nothing more to lose." Its enormous cost and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France have caused journalists and political commentators to remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile.
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